Expertise : A cognitive science's perspective SE 367 : Introduction to cognitive science 1. Experiments 2. Observation 3. Analysis and Conclusion 4. References Experiments: 1. The Telegraph Office Experiment: 2. The Chess Experiment: 3. The Doctor Experiment: 4. Absolute Judgments of Multidimensional stimuli: How do people do these kinds of things? Observations: 1. Domain specific expertise 2. Chess Expertise 1. Familiarity with patterns and constellation 2. Geometrical structures 3. Colours (also helps in memorizing) 3. Linear relation between level of chess player and amount of recollection 4. With unusual board set up, even grand masters take longer time eventhough better performance than novice - implies no photographic memory Analysis and conclusions: 1. Relation with language proficiency - More recovery with meaningfulness of the sentance - In irregular information, we can find some patterns to easily memorize them (e.g. 671945) 2. Chess experts, Doctors do not train their memory - Superior memory is indirect consequence of their improved performance 3. Chess experts not only remember the past board set up, but also extract information and based on that they do processing for next move 4. Organization of knowledge plays very important role - Its just than relation which we have to remember 5. Blind folded chess (implies very meaningful information has been stored, whole board setup can be stored at once) - In the shortage of generated information, they rely on long term memory How can we explain this?? References: 1.Miller, G.A. (1956), The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97. 2.Schneider W, Gruber H, Gold A, Opwis K. (1993) Chess expertise and memory for chess positions in children and adults. 3.http://www.psy.fsu.edu/faculty/ericsson/ericsson.mem.exp.html 4.http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v6/n1/abs/nn988.html