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Excerpts

The VaisheSika sutras, written by KanAda, dates from the 4th c. BC.  Time and
space are among the nine substances of which all corporeal and incorporeal
things are comprised. The full list: earth, water, light, air, ether (AkaSa),
time, space, soul (or self), and mind.

II.2.6. "Posterior" in respect to that which is posterior, "simultaneous",
"slow", "quick", such cognitions are the marks of time.

II.2.9. The name time is applicable to a cause, inasmuch as it does
not exist in eternal substances and exists in non-eternal substances.

II.2.11. That which gives rise to such (cognition and usage) as "This
(is remote etc.) from this," -- (the same is) the mark of space.

The Padarthasamgraha of PrasastapAda (4th c. AD)

6. Throwing upwards, throwing downwards, contracting, expanding, and
going -- these are the only five actions ... all such actions as
gyrating, evacuating, quivering, flowing upwards, transverse falling,
falling downwards, rising and the like, being only particular forms of
going, and not forming distinct classes by themselves.
	(Padarthadharmasangraha,  I.i.7)

42. Time is the cause or basis of the production, persistence, and
destruction (or cesation) of all produced things; as all these are
spoken of in terms of time.

43. Space is the cause of the notions of East, West, etc. That is to
say, it is that from which arise the ten notions -- of East,
South-East, South, South-West, West, North-West, North, North-East,
Below and Above -- with regard to one corporeal (material) object
considered with reference to another material object as the starting
point or limit. Specially so, as there is no other cause available for
these notions.
	(Padarthadharmasangraha, vii.i.24, vii.ii.22)

90. Distance and proximity form the basis of the notions of "prior"
and "posterior". They are of two kinds: (1) due to space, and (2) due
to time. Those which are due to space afford ideas of particular
directions. Those which are due to time afford ideas of age.
	(Padarthadharmasangraha, ix.ii.1? p.414)

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From Digha NikAya, a Buddhist text, p.119

[SPACE]
SangAla, a householder's son, got up erarly, went out from Rajagaha,
and, with his clothes and hair still wet from his morning ablutions,
joined his hands in reverence and worshipped the several quarters of
earth and sky -- east, south, west, north, above, and below.

Buddha advising Sangala: "There are six dangers in roaming the streets
at improper times: the man who does this is unprotected and unguarded:
so are his wife and children: he incurs suspicion of having committed
crime: he is the subject of rumours; in fact, he goes out to meet all
kinds of trouble.

Basavaraja, the apostate Jaina who argues for a more humanitarian view of
religion:
    The lamb brought to the slaughter-house eats the leaf garland with which
    it is decorated ... the frog caught in the mouth of the snake desires to
    swallow the fly flying near its mouth. So is our life. The man condemned
    to die eats milk and ghee. ... When they see a serpent caged in stone
    they pour milk on it: if a real serpent comes they say, Kill. Kill. To
    the servant of God who could eat if served they say, Go away, Go away;
    but to the image of God which cannot eat they offer dishes of food.
				         [p.216]

Volume II: Contents

	Preface to the Second Edition: Stephen Hay
	Preface to the first Edition
	Acknowledgements
	Transliteration of Proper Names
	Contributors
	chronology
	Map
Introduction
CHAPTER I
	The Opening of India to the West
	Ananda Ranga Pillai : Hindu Agent for the French
	Abu Taleb : Muslim Traveler to the West
	Rammohun Roy : "Father of Modern India"
CHAPTER II
	Leaders of Hindu Reform and Revival
	Debendranath Tagore : Re-creator of the Brahmo Samaj
	Keshub Chunder Sen and the Indianization of Christianity
	Dayananda Saraswati ; Vedic Revivalist
	Shri Ramakrishna : Mystic and Spiritual Teacher
	Swami Vivekananda : Hindu Missionary to the West
CHAPTER III
	Nationalism Takes Root : The Moderates
	Dadabhai Naoroji : Architect of Indian Nationalism
	Surendranath Banerjea ; Bengali Moderate
	Mahadev Govind Ranade : Pioneer Maharashtrian Reform
	Gopal Krishna Gokhale : Servant of India
	Romesh Chunder Dutt : Pioneer Economic Historian
CHAPTER IV
	The Marriage of Politics and Religion : The Extremists
	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee : Nationalist Author
	Bal Gangadhar Tilak : "Father of Indian Unrest"
	Aurobindo Ghose : Mystic Patriot
	Lajpat Rai : " Lion of the Punjab"
CHAPTER V
	Leaders of Islamic Revival, Reform, and Nationalism in
	Pre-Independent India
	An Attempted Mughal Restoration : The Azamgarh Proclamation
	Syed Ahmed Khan : Muslim Reformer and Educator
	Mohammed Ali : Patriot and Defender of the Faith
	Muhammad Iqbal : Poet and Philosopher of the Islamic Revival
	Muhammad Ali Jinnah : Founder of Pakistan (Part i)
	Rahmat Ali : Giving a Name to Pakistan
	Abul Kalam Azad : Muslim Nationalist
	The Muslims of India and the Future of India
CHAPTER VI
	Mahatma Gandhi : Nationalist India's "Great Soul"
CHAPTER VII
	Other Nationalist Leaders in the Decades Before Independence
	Robindranath Tagore : Poet, Educator, and India's Ambassador to the
	Word
	Vinayak Damodar Savarkar : Hindu Nationalist
	Manabendra Nath Roy : From International Communist to Radical
	Humanist
	Subhas Chandra Bose : Military-Minded Modernist
	Jawaharlal Nehru : Democratic Socialist (Part I)
	Bhim Rao Ambedkar : Spokesman for the Untouchables (Part I)
CHAPTER VIII
	Public Policies for Independent India
	The Constitution of India
	Ambedkar : Untouchable Statesman (Part 2)
	Jawaharlal Nehru : Democratic Socialist (Part 2)
	E.M.S. Namboodiripad : Marxist-Leninist
	Balraj Modhak : Spokesman for Hinducentric Nationalism
	Jayaprakash Narayan : EX-Marxist Gandhian socialist
CHAPTER IX
	Pakistan : Defining an Islamic State
	Muhammad Ali Jinnha : Founder of Pakistan (Part 2)
	Liaquat Ali Khan : The First Prime Minister
	Mohammad Munir : The Chief Justice of Pakistan
	General Ayub Khan : Martial Law Administrator
	Syed Abu'l-ala-Maududi : Spokesman for islamic Revival
Bibliography Index

To see the universal and all-pervading Spirit of Truth face to face one must
be able to love the meanest of creation as oneself. And a man who aspires
after that cannot afford to keep out of any field of life. That is why my
devotion to Truth has drawn me into the field of politics.
- Gandhi, Autobiography (towards end)

If it had been intended to keep the British nation in ignorance of real
knowledge, the Baconian philosophy would not have been allowed to displace
the system of the schoolmen which was the best calculated to perpetuate
ignorance. In the same manner the Sanscrit system of education would be the
best calculated to keep this country in darkness, if such had been the policy
of the British legislature.
	- Ram Mohun Roy, letter  to Governor-General protesting the
		founding of the Sanskrit College

I have no hesitation in declaring that, if the principle that the Indian
Muslim is entitled to full and free development on the lines of his own
culture and tradition in his own Indian home-lands is recognised as the basis
of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for the
freedom of India. - Allama Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address

The spirit of Christianity has already pervaded the whole atmosphere of
Indian society, and we breathe, think, feel, and move in a Christian
atmosphere. - Keshub Chunder Sen